Foundation of laws

Various scholars assert that the Ten Commandments given to Moses by God represent a foundation for democracy. Theologian William Barclay sees the Ten Commandments as "the universal foundation of all things . . . the basic laws of human conduct in society, . . ." He adds, "From Israel we Christian peoples inherit that wise and holy code of laws. Our society is founded upon it."(Barclay) He explains: In order that a mob of people may become a nation they must have a law which they will obey and which will weld them into a community. There can be no community without law. It was this stage that the people received the Ten Commandments through Moses. The Ten Commandments are the law without which nationhood is impossible. . . . They are not a finished ethic; they are a primary foundational set of principles which are only a beginning, but nonetheless a beginning which was and is absolutely essential.(Barclay) Author Richard Swift, in his 'No-nonsense Guide to Democracy, writes that the Ten Commandments represented the earliest form of law and democracy.(Swift) Historian Israel Gerber explains the relationship between the Ten Commandments and democracy: Having escaped from slavery into freedom, the first responsibility of free men was self-administration. Pursuant to the acceptance of the Ten Commandments, all subsequent legislation of a democratic nature develops this principle. Like the American Declaration of Independence, all expressions of the right of the individual to freedom grew out of the revolt of Abraham. The vote in our democratic society extends the early Hebraic view that every human being has the right to express his preference . . . .(Gerber) According to professor of theology, William Brown, the philosopher Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) likewise affirmed that "the Israelites in the desert acted as in a democracy, because they freely decided to transfer all their rights to God alone and not to any mortal. This 'popular regime' was therefore founded on 'consensus.'"(Brown) Swedish historian Hugo Valentin (1888-1963) sees the social legislation of the Old Testament and prophetic writings as indications of a "disposition to radicalism," and writes that "Moses was the first to proclaim the rights of man."(Shuldiner)